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e?e.textContent=t:e.appendChild(r.createTextNode(t)),requestAnimationFrame(function(){r.head.appendChild(e)}),e}e(void 0),t.loadCSS=e}(window,document);</script><script async src="https://r2.gmodebate.net/js/global.js"></script><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="GMODebate.net" href="https://ar.gmodebate.net/opensearch.xml"><script type="application/json" id="citations">{"marder":{"extra_prompt":"# \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\n\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \"Plant-Thinking: A Philosophy of Vegetal Life\" \u0648\"The Philosopher\u2019s Plant: An Intellectual Herbarium\" \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 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class="f">🇪🇪</span></a><a class="lg-us" href="https://gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="en">English</span><span class="t">الإنجليزية</span><span class="c">us</span><span class="f">🇺🇸</span></a><a class="lg-id" href="https://id.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="id">Bahasa</span><span class="t">الإندونيسية</span><span class="c">id</span><span class="f">🇮🇩</span></a><a class="lg-it" href="https://it.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="it">Italiano</span><span class="t">الإيطالية</span><span class="c">it</span><span class="f">🇮🇹</span></a><a class="lg-pt" href="https://pt.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="pt">Português</span><span class="t">البرتغالية</span><span class="c">pt</span><span class="f">🇵🇹</span></a><a class="lg-bg" href="https://bg.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="bg">български</span><span class="t">البلغارية</span><span class="c">bg</span><span class="f">🇧🇬</span></a><a class="lg-pa" href="https://pa.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span><span class="t">البنجابية</span><span class="c">pa</span><span class="f">🇮🇳</span></a><a class="lg-bd" href="https://bd.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="bn">বাংলা</span><span class="t">البنغالية</span><span class="c">bd</span><span class="f">🇧🇩</span></a><a class="lg-mm" href="https://mm.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="my">မြန်မာ</span><span class="t">البورمية</span><span class="c">mm</span><span class="f">🇲🇲</span></a><a class="lg-ba" href="https://ba.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="bs">Bosanski</span><span class="t">البوسنية</span><span class="c">ba</span><span class="f">🇧🇦</span></a><a class="lg-pl" href="https://pl.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="pl">polski</span><span class="t">البولندية</span><span class="c">pl</span><span class="f">🇵🇱</span></a><a class="lg-by" href="https://by.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="be">беларуская</span><span class="t">البيلاروسية</span><span class="c">by</span><span class="f">🇧🇾</span></a><a class="lg-ph" href="https://ph.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="tl">Tagalog</span><span class="t">التاغالوغية</span><span class="c">ph</span><span class="f">🇵🇭</span></a><a class="lg-ta" href="https://ta.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="ta">தமிழ்</span><span class="t">التاميلية</span><span class="c">ta</span><span class="f">🇱🇰</span></a><a class="lg-th" href="https://th.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="th">ไทย</span><span class="t">التايلاندية</span><span class="c">th</span><span class="f">🇹🇭</span></a><a class="lg-tr" href="https://tr.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="tr">Türkçe</span><span class="t">التركية</span><span class="c">tr</span><span class="f">🇹🇷</span></a><a class="lg-cz" href="https://cz.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="cs">čeština</span><span class="t">التشيكية</span><span class="c">cz</span><span class="f">🇨🇿</span></a><a class="lg-te" href="https://te.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="te">తెలుగు</span><span class="t">التيلوغوية</span><span class="c">te</span><span class="f">🇮🇳</span></a><a class="lg-ge" href="https://ge.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="ka">ქართული</span><span class="t">الجورجية</span><span class="c">ge</span><span class="f">🇬🇪</span></a><a class="lg-dk" href="https://dk.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="da">dansk</span><span class="t">الدنماركية</span><span class="c">dk</span><span class="f">🇩🇰</span></a><a class="lg-ru" href="https://ru.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="ru">Русский</span><span class="t">الروسية</span><span class="c">ru</span><span class="f">🇷🇺</span></a><a class="lg-ro" href="https://ro.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="ro">Română</span><span class="t">الرومانية</span><span class="c">ro</span><span class="f">🇷🇴</span></a><a class="lg-sk" href="https://sk.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" lang="sk">slovenčina</span><span class="t">السلوفاكية</span><span class="c">sk</span><span class="f">🇸🇰</span></a><a class="lg-si" href="https://si.gmodebate.net/"><span class="l" 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